PFAS in tap water: Mie Prefecture
For tap water in Mie Prefecture, the only supplier whose yearly maximum for combined PFOS and PFOA exceeded 50 ng/L in FY2020–FY2025 (FY2025 through the end of August) was the Kuwana City Water and Sewerage Department (桑名市上下水道部). Its values were 290 (FY2020), 170 and 230 (FY2022), measured at the tap. It has been nd since FY2023. The highest value in the prefecture was 16 in Minamiise Town (南伊勢町) in FY2024 (a raw water value) and 17 ng/L in Yokkaichi City (四日市市) in FY2025.
Levels by utility (PFOS + PFOA combined, ng/L)
| Utility | FY2020 | FY2021 | FY2022 | FY2023 | FY2024 | FY2025* | Sampled at |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 紀宝町水道事業Water supply · 紀宝町 | — | — | — | — | nd | nd | raw water only |
| 紀北町Water supply · 紀北町 | — | — | — | nd | — | — | raw water only |
| 川越町Water supply · 川越町buys all its water — Buys from 三重県企業庁(北中勢) | — | — | — | — | — | nd | — |
| 多気町水道事業Water supply · 多気町 | — | — | — | nd | nd | — | tap and raw |
| 朝日町水道事業Water supply · 朝日町 | 10 | 5 | 11 | 6 | nd | 5 | tap only |
| 南伊勢町水道事業Water supply · 南伊勢町 | — | — | — | — | 16 | nd | raw water only |
| 尾鷲市水道事業Water supply · 尾鷲市 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | tap only |
| 亀山市Water supply · 亀山市 | — | 6 | 10 | 5 | 9 | — | raw water only |
| 東員町Water supply · 東員町 | — | nd | nd | 6 | nd | nd | tap only |
| 大台町水道事業Water supply · 大台町 | — | — | — | — | nd | nd | tap only |
| 玉城町水道事業Water supply · 玉城町 | — | — | — | nd | nd | nd | tap and raw |
| 熊野市上水道事業Water supply · 熊野市 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 2 | 2 | tap only |
| 菰野町水道事業Water supply · 菰野町 | — | — | — | nd | nd | nd | tap only |
| 度会町水道事業Water supply · 度会町 | — | — | — | nd | nd | nd | tap only |
| 明和町上水道事業Water supply · 明和町 | — | — | — | nd | — | nd | raw water only |
| 木曽岬町水道事業Water supply · 木曽岬町buys all its water — Buys from 三重県企業庁(北中勢) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 大紀町水道事業Water supply · 大紀町 | — | — | — | — | nd | — | tap only |
| いなべ市水道事業Water supply · いなべ市 | — | — | — | nd | nd | nd | tap only |
| 御浜町水道事業Water supply · 御浜町 | — | — | — | — | nd | nd | raw water only |
| 鳥羽市水道事業Water supply · 鳥羽市 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | raw water only |
| 伊賀市水道事業Water supply · 伊賀市 | — | 15 | 9 | 19 | 10 | 8 | tap and raw |
| 津市水道事業Water supply · 津市 | — | — | 7 | 7 | 6 | 9 | tap, plant outlet and raw |
| 松阪市水道事業Water supply · 松阪市 | nd | 7 | 3 | 1 | 3 | — | tap only |
| 名張市水道事業Water supply · 名張市 | nd | nd | 7 | nd | nd | nd | raw water only |
| 鈴鹿市上下水道事業Water supply · 鈴鹿市 | — | 13 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 6 | tap, plant outlet and raw |
| 伊勢市水道事業Water supply · 伊勢市 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 3.2 | 14.7 | 10.7 | 8.6 | tap and raw |
| 四日市市上下水道局Water supply · 四日市市 | 18 | 11 | 25 | 13 | 14 | 17 | tap and plant outlet |
| 桑名市上下水道部Water supply · 桑名市 | 290 | 170 | 230 | nd | nd | nd | tap only |
| 志摩市水道事業Water supply · 志摩市 | — | — | — | nd | nd | — | tap, plant outlet and raw |
| 三重県企業庁(北中勢)Bulk supplierSupplies: 四日市市、桑名市、鈴鹿市、亀山市、木曽岬町、菰野町、朝日町、川越町、津市、松阪市 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | plant outlet and raw |
| 三重県企業庁(南勢志摩)Bulk supplierSupplies: 伊勢市、松阪市、鳥羽市、志摩市、多気町、明和町、大台町、玉城町、度会町 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | plant outlet and raw |
| 松阪市簡易水道事業Small water supply · 松阪市 | 11 | 9 | 11 | nd | 7 | — | tap only |
| 熊野市甫母簡易水道事業Small water supply · 熊野市 | — | — | — | — | nd | nd | tap only |
| 熊野市二木島簡易水道事業Small water supply · 熊野市 | — | — | — | — | nd | nd | tap only |
| 熊野市遊木簡易水道事業Small water supply · 熊野市 | — | — | — | — | nd | nd | tap only |
| 熊野市新鹿簡易水道事業Small water supply · 熊野市 | — | — | — | — | nd | nd | tap only |
| 熊野市瀬戸簡易水道事業Small water supply · 熊野市 | — | — | — | — | nd | nd | tap only |
| 熊野市神川簡易水道事業Small water supply · 熊野市 | — | — | — | — | nd | nd | tap only |
| 熊野市育生簡易水道事業Small water supply · 熊野市 | — | — | — | — | nd | nd | tap only |
| 熊野市五郷簡易水道事業Small water supply · 熊野市 | — | — | — | — | nd | nd | tap only |
| 熊野市日進小阪簡易水道事業Small water supply · 熊野市 | — | — | — | — | nd | nd | tap only |
| 熊野市小又簡易水道事業Small water supply · 熊野市 | — | — | — | — | nd | nd | tap only |
| 熊野市大又簡易水道事業Small water supply · 熊野市 | — | — | — | — | nd | nd | tap only |
| 西部簡易水道事業Small water supply | — | — | — | — | — | nd | — |
| 和気簡易水道事業Small water supply | — | — | — | — | — | nd | — |
| 木津呂簡易水道事業Small water supply | — | — | — | — | — | nd | — |
| 東部簡易水道事業Small water supply | — | — | — | — | — | nd | — |
| 西山簡易水道事業Small water supply | — | — | — | — | — | nd | — |
| 須賀利簡易水道事業Small water supply | — | — | — | — | nd | — | — |
| 九鬼簡易水道事業Small water supply | — | — | — | — | nd | — | — |
| 早田簡易水道事業Small water supply | — | — | — | — | nd | — | — |
| 三木浦簡易水道事業Small water supply | — | — | — | — | nd | — | — |
| 三木里簡易水道事業Small water supply | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | — | tap only |
| 賀田古江簡易水道事業Small water supply | — | — | — | — | nd | — | — |
| 曽根簡易水道事業Small water supply | — | — | — | — | nd | — | — |
| 梶賀簡易水道事業Small water supply | — | — | — | — | nd | — | — |
These are the highest values in each fiscal year reported by each utility to the national government (MLIT and the Ministry of the Environment). A utility with several sources or treatment plants can have different levels in different parts of its area. Samples are taken at the tap in principle, but some utilities only measured raw water (water before treatment), and raw-water values are not covered by the tap-water standard. nd = below the detection or quantification limit; — = no value reported. *FY2025 covers results up to the end of August 2025. Utility names are left in Japanese as in the official table.
>50 a year above 50 ng/L (for utilities that also sampled raw water, the value may be from raw water) raw above 50 ng/L, but measured in raw water only
Good to know
- In Kuwana, 290 ng/L was found at taps in the Tado-Oyama distribution area (多度小山配水区), supplied by the Tado-Chubu pumping station (多度中部送水場). In October 2022 the city shut down the Tado-Chubu station, switched to water from the Tado-Hokubu distribution station (多度北部配水場), and confirmed in later tests that levels were below the quantification limit (not detected) (MLIT case studies).
- Kuwana plans to build connecting pipes (pipes that link to another supply line) so that it can use a new water source it had been planning (a change in the intake point), and says it will test all taps and raw water once a year. It explained the situation to residents through the heads of the neighborhood associations and circulated notices (case studies, as of November 2024).
- The Yokkaichi City Water and Sewerage Bureau reported 11–25 ng/L (FY2020–FY2025), with testing points at the tap and the treatment plant outlet. Minamiise’s 16 (FY2024) is a “raw water only” value (raw water = water before treatment) in the table published in 2024.
- The Mie Prefectural Enterprise Agency’s bulk water supplies (Hokuchusei (北中勢) and Nansei-Shima (南勢志摩)) were nd in all six years. Among private water supplies (for a facility, such as company housing or hospitals), none of the 103 tested in the prefecture was found to exceed the provisional target value (through the end of August 2025).
Timeline
| FY2020 | 290 ng/L at Kuwana taps (yearly maximum in the national table) |
| FY2021 | 170 ng/L |
| FY2022 | 230 ng/L |
| October 2022 | The Tado-Chubu pumping station is shut down and supply switches to the Tado-Hokubu distribution station |
| FY2023–FY2025 | nd in the national table (FY2025 through the end of August) |
Put it in terms of your own intake
- Intake from water
- — ng/kg/day
- Compared with Japan’s tolerable daily intake (PFOS and PFOA, 20 ng/kg bw/day each)
- —
- Compared with EFSA’s tolerable weekly intake (4 PFAS combined, 4.4 ng/kg bw/week ≈ 0.63 a day)
- —
- Compared with intake from 37 foods (MAFF estimate: PFOS 0.13 + PFOA 0.09 = 0.22 ng/kg bw/day; the 37 foods make up about half of what people eat by amount)
- —
The combined value is treated as a single substance (in reality it is split between PFOS and PFOA, so the share of Japan’s TDI would be smaller). EFSA’s value is for the sum of PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS; tap-water values here do not include PFNA or PFHxS. This calculation shows how the same intake reads differently against different yardsticks; it does not judge health effects.
Related explainers
Sources
- Ministry of the Environment and MLIT, “Survey on PFOS and PFOA in Water Supply,” follow-up survey: list of results (published December 25, 2025)
- Ministry of the Environment and MLIT, list of results (published November 29, 2024; testing point column)
- MLIT, “Cases of PFOS and PFOA responses by water suppliers to date” (November 29, 2024), Case 8: Kuwana City
- Same follow-up survey, attachment (status of private water supplies by prefecture)
Last checked 2026.10.04 (against the original government documents and papers, collected and cross-checked in Gemini Notebook). Utility values are as in the national table; Urayomi sorted and summarized them.